Xdream evolving images for visual full#

Using one-word, open-ended descriptions, the participants labeled the evolved images as faces approximately 4% of the time, which was less frequent than the case with face photos. Results from six psychophysics experiments with humans showed that the synthetic images were perceived as distinct from real faces but stimulated face neurons to the same extent. coupled neuronal recordings with an algorithm called XDream to generate images that evolved to robustly stimulate face neurons in macaque monkeys. However, it is unclear whether these neurons are primarily activated by the semantic concept of faces or, rather, by associated visual attributes, such as the eyes, nose, or mouth. Neurons in a brain region called the inferior temporal cortex respond more strongly when primates see faces, compared with nonface objects. According to the authors, research institutions should emphasize fairness in the evaluation of candidates as well as mentoring programs and gender parity in seminars and conferences to increase visibility and reduce selection bias. Together, the results suggest that Europe fares better than the United States with regard to gender parity in academic positions in economics. For senior positions, an institution ranked 100 places higher has three percentage points fewer women in Europe and nearly five percentage points fewer women in the United States. In addition, institutions that are higher-ranked in terms of research output have fewer women in senior positions, compared with lower-ranked institutions, and this trend extends to the junior level in the United States. Women hold 32% and 38% of entry-level positions at US and European institutions, respectively, with a global average of 37%.

Xdream evolving images for visual full#

The analysis revealed that women hold 20% and 27% of senior-level positions, such as full professor or associate professor, at US and European institutions, respectively, with a global average of 25%. assessed the scope of female underrepresentation in economics by designing a web-scraping algorithm that collected data from 238 universities and business schools worldwide. Gender equality is lacking in many high-skilled professions. The findings suggest that optical spectroscopy can be used to study crystallization at the scale of single nucleation events, according to the authors. Using this spectral feature, the authors also performed simulations and propose a structure for prenucleation aggregates, wherein glycine molecules dynamically form elongated chain-like structures held together by hydrogen bonds. Controlling the spatial variability, the authors show how Raman spectra evolve as glycine crystals form in water and reveal the existence of prenucleation aggregates that form before converting into crystals. The approach, termed single-crystal nucleation spectroscopy, combines Raman microspectroscopy with optical trapping-induced crystallization-an established method that uses a tightly focused laser beam to attract particles and trigger nucleation events at a known location. report an approach to probe crystallization dynamics in aqueous solutions one crystal nucleation event at a time. However, the stochastic and heterogeneous nature of crystallization hampers the use of optical spectroscopy for such observations. T.H.D.ĭirect, real-time observations can reveal molecular-scale details about crystal nucleation, a process key to crystallization. According to the authors, both direct climatic forces and complex community interactions likely influence soil crust communities, despite decades of protection, suggesting an ecological tipping point. Total cyanobacterial cover remained unchanged.

Moss cover increased from 2003 to 2019, potentially due to decreased competition from lichen or other factors. Nitrogen-fixing lichen species decreased from around 19% of crust cover in 1996 to around 5% in 2019 and did not recover during the study period, despite lower June temperatures in some years. Overall, higher June temperatures were negatively correlated with lichen cover. To uncover human-caused disturbance, the plots were set up in an area that had never been grazed by livestock. Each spring, from 1996 to 2019, the authors catalogued the communities of mosses and lichens in 12 plots.

conducted 23 years of observation in Canyonlands National Park in Utah. To determine how crust communities respond to long-term climate change, Rebecca Finger-Higgens et al. The crust is crucial for water retention, erosion prevention, and nitrogen fixation. In dryland ecosystems, where plant cover and water availability are limited, mosses, lichens, and microbes compose a biological soil crust.